شپسس‌کاف

شِپسِس‌کاف فرعونی از دودمان چهارم تاریخ مصر در دوره پادشاهی کهن بود. او فرزند و جانشین منکورع بود. معنای نام او «روان او بلند و والا است» می‌باشد.[۳۰]

دوران

شِپسِس‌کاف به احتمال زیاد می‌بایست واپسین پادشاه دودمان چهارم بوده باشد؛ این در صورتی است که پس از او فرعون ناشناسی به نام جِدِف‌پتاح به تخت نشسته باشد. نام جِدِف‌پتاح در بعضی منابع نوشتاری تاریخی مصر از جمله فهرست تورین دیده می‌شود. نام جِدِف‌پتاح اما در هیچ منبع معاصر آن زمان همچون تندیس‌های شاهانه و گورهای واقع در جیزه و سقاره دیده نمی‌شود.[۳۱]

طبق نوشتار فهرست تورین، شِپسِس‌کاف ۴ سال فرمانروایی کرد و جانشین او در دودمان چهارم - اشاره احتمالی به جِدِف‌پتاح - تنها دو سال بر تخت بود. مانثون اما طول دوران فرمانروایی او را ۷ سال ذکر می‌کند که ممکن است نتیجه جمع ۴ سال فهرست تورین و ۲ سال جانشین او به همراه بخشی از ماه‌های یک سال بوده باشد.

یادداشت‌ها

  1. ↑ Proposed dates for the reign of Shepseskaf: 2523–2519 BC,[۲][۳][۴][۵] ending 2510 BC,[۶] 2511–2506 BC,[۷][۸] 2504–2500BC,[۹] 2503–2498 BC,[۱۰][۱۱][۱۲] ending 2494 BC,[۱۳][۱۴] 2486–2479 BC,[۱۵] 2472–2467 BC,[۱۶][۱۷][۱۸] ending 2465 BC,[۱۹] 2462–2457 BC,[۲۰] 2461–2456 BC,[۷] 2442–2436 BC,[۲۱] 2441–2438 BC,[۲۲] 2441–2436 BC,[۲۳] ending 2435 BC,[۲۴] 2396–2392 BC.[۲۵] Radiocarbon studies have yielded the following intervals for Shepseskaf's date of accession to the throne: 2538–2498 BC with 68% probability, 2556–2476 BC with 95% probability.[۲۶] These studies are based archaeological samples to measure fluctuations in radiocarbon activity, specific information on radiocarbon activity in the region of the Nile Valley (anchored by dendrochronology to absolute dates), direct linkages between the dated samples and historical chronology and relative dating information. Samples dated to specific reigns were collected from museum collections and excavation material while certain types of material (notably charcoal and mummified remains) were avoided owing to their susceptibility to contamination.[۲۷]
  2. 1 2 The word "his" here may refer to the god Ra rather than to the pharaoh.[۲۸]

منابع

  1. 1 2 Schneider 2002, p. 248.
  2. ↑ Stadelmann 2001, p. 597.
  3. ↑ Chauvet 2001, p. 176.
  4. ↑ El-Shahawy & Atiya 2005, p. 33.
  5. ↑ Verner 2001c, p. 588.
  6. ↑ Grimal 1992, p. 390.
  7. 1 2 von Beckerath 1997, p. 188.
  8. ↑ Strudwick 2005, p. xxx.
  9. ↑ Clayton 1994, p. 56.
  10. ↑ Málek 2000, p. 91.
  11. ↑ Rice 1999, p. 190.
  12. ↑ Sowada 2009, p. 3.
  13. ↑ Bard 1999, pp. xliv–xlv.
  14. ↑ Baker 2008, pp. 425–426.
  15. ↑ von Beckerath 1999, p. 283.
  16. ↑ Lehner 2008, p. 8.
  17. ↑ Allen et al. 1999, p. xx.
  18. ↑ Kozloff 1982, p. 214.
  19. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica 2022.
  20. ↑ Vernus & Yoyotte 1996, p. 219.
  21. ↑ Bárta 2016, p. 51.
  22. ↑ Strudwick 1985, p. 3.
  23. ↑ Hornung 2012, p. 491.
  24. ↑ Bárta 2017, p. 5.
  25. ↑ Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 288.
  26. ↑ Ramsey et al. 2010, p. 1556.
  27. ↑ Ramsey et al. 2010, p. 1554.
  28. ↑ Stadelmann 2000, pp. 535–536.
  29. ↑ Gardiner 1959, p. 16, table II.
  30. ↑ Peter A. Clayton (۲۰۰۴)، Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt، Thames & Hudson، ص. ۵۶، شابک ۰۹۰۰۴۱۶۸۲۳
  31. ↑ P.F. O'Mara (۱۹۹۷)، Manetho and the Turin Canon: A Comparison of Regnal Years، Thames & Hudson، ص. ۵۶، شابک ۰۹۰۰۴۱۶۸۲۳

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