مرنرع نمتی‌امساف یکم

مرنرع نِمتی‌امساف یکم (به‌معنای «محبوب رع، خدای نمتی نگهبان اوست») یکی از فرعون‌های مصر باستان و چهارمین پادشاه دودمان ششم بود. او در اوایل قرن بیست‌وسوم پیش از میلاد، در واپسین سال‌های دوره پادشاهی کهن، به‌مدت شش تا یازده سال بر مصر حکومت کرد. مرنرع فرزند پپی یکم مِری‌رع و ملکه عنخ‌اسن‌پپی یکم بود و پس از او پپی دوم نِفِرکارع به سلطنت رسید که احتمالاً پسر او بوده، هرچند برخی او را برادرش می‌دانند. همچنین ممکن است پپی یکم در پایان سلطنت خود، مدتی قدرت را با مرنرع به‌صورت مشارکتی (هم‌سلطنتی) تقسیم کرده باشد.[۲۴][۲۵]

دوران حکومت مرنرع یکم شاهد دگرگونی‌های عمیقی در اداره استان‌های جنوبی مصر بود؛ به‌طوری‌که شمار مدیران محلی به‌طور چشمگیری افزایش یافت و در مقابل، ساختار اداری مرکزی در پایتخت ممفیس به‌شدت کوچک شد. در نتیجه، اشراف محلی مسئولیت گردآوری مالیات و مدیریت منابع را بر عهده گرفتند و از نظر سیاسی مستقل‌تر و از نظر اقتصادی قدرتمندتر شدند. این دگرگونی‌ها سبب شد برای مقام‌های بلندپایه، از جمله صدراعظم‌ها، حاکمان مناطق مصر علیا و فرمانداران، نخستین آیین‌های تدفین به صورت محلی و در سطح استانی برگزار شود.

در دوران مرنرع، کاروان‌های متعدد تجاری و گروه‌های استخراج سنگ، به‌ویژه به‌سوی نوبه فرستاده شدند. در این مسیر صدها الاغ برای حمل عود، چوب آبنوس، پوست جانوران، عاج و حیوانات کمیاب به کار گرفته می‌شد. توجه به این منطقه به اندازه‌ای افزایش یافت که مرنرع فرمان داد کانالی حفر شود تا عبور از آبشار اول و دسترسی به نوبه آسان‌تر گردد. علاوه بر این، با سواحل شام نیز مبادله کالاهایی مانند لاجورد، نقره، قیر و قلع صورت می‌گرفت و در جنوب و صحرای شرقی، عملیات استخراج سنگ‌های گرانیت، تراورتن و آلاباستر انجام می‌شد.

مجموعه‌ای از هرم برای مرنرع در سقاره ساخته شد که در زبان مصری باستان «خَنفِرمرنرع» نام داشت و به‌معنای «ظهور کمال مرنرع» بود. این مجموعه احتمالاً پیش از مرگ پادشاه تکمیل شده بود. تالارهای زیرزمینی آن با «متون هرم» نقش شده بودند. در اتاق دفن، تابوتی از سنگ بازالت سیاه متعلق به پادشاه قرار داشت که هنگام ورود به آن در قرن نوزدهم، هنوز مومیایی‌ای درونش بود. با این حال، هویت این مومیایی به‌عنوان مرنرع هنوز قطعی نیست. پس از مرگ او، تا دست‌کم پایان دوره پادشاهی کهن، آیین‌های تدفینی ویژه‌ای برایش برگزار می‌شد. در دوره پادشاهی نوین نیز، مرنرع در میان گروهی از پادشاهان گذشته برای تکریم انتخاب شده بود.

یادداشت‌ها

  1. The box, inventory N. 794, is inscribed with, on the lid: "Horus Ankhkhau, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, the Two Ladies Ankhkhau, the double Golden Horus, Merenre, may he live for ever" and on the front of the box: "Horus Ankhkhau. The king of Upper and Lower Egypt Merenre. The Two Ladies Ankhkhau. Given life for ever".[۱] The box might originate from Thebes and might have originally been part of the funerary equipment of a provincial official.[۲]
  2. ↑ The box, inventory N. 794, is inscribed with, on the lid: "Horus Ankhkhau, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, the Two Ladies Ankhkhau, the double Golden Horus, Merenre, may he live for ever" and on the front of the box: "Horus Ankhkhau. The king of Upper and Lower Egypt Merenre. The Two Ladies Ankhkhau. Given life for ever".[۱] The box might originate from Thebes and might have originally been part of the funerary equipment of a provincial official.[۲]
  3. ↑ List of dates proposed for Merenre's reign: 2361–2355 BC,[۳] 2310–2300 BC,[۴][۵] 2287–2278 BC,[۶][۷][۸][۹][۱۰] 2285–2279 BC,[۱۱][۱۲] 2283–2278 BC,[۱۳] 2283–2269 BC,[۱۴] 2263–2257 BC,[۱۵] 2260–2254 BC,[۱۶] 2255–2246 BC,[۱۷][۱۸][۱۹] 2252–2242 BC,[۲۰] 2235–2229 BC,[۱۱] 2227–2217 BC,[۲۰][۲۱] 2219–2212 BC.[۲۲]

منابع

  1. ↑ Strudwick 2005, p. 132.
  2. ↑ Allen et al. 1999, p. 450.
  3. ↑ Wright & Pardee 1988, p. 144.
  4. ↑ Altenmüller 2001, p. 603.
  5. ↑ Verner 2001b, p. 590.
  6. ↑ Rice 1999, p. 110.
  7. ↑ Sowada 2009, p. 3.
  8. ↑ Málek 2000, pp. 106 & 483.
  9. ↑ Shaw & Nicholson 2008, p. 55.
  10. ↑ National Museum of Scotland 2023.
  11. 1 2 Beckerath 1997, p. 188.
  12. ↑ Strudwick 2005, p. xxx.
  13. 1 2 Clayton 1994, p. 64.
  14. ↑ Smith 1971, p. 995.
  15. ↑ Strudwick 1985b, p. 3.
  16. ↑ Beckerath 1999, p. 283.
  17. ↑ Vase in the Shape of Monkey, MET 2022.
  18. ↑ Allen et al. 1999, p. xx.
  19. ↑ Lehner 1997, p. 8.
  20. 1 2 Krauss 2021, p. 300.
  21. ↑ Hornung 2012, p. 492.
  22. ↑ Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 288.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 Leprohon 2013, p. 43.
  24. ↑ William Gillian Waddell (۲۰۰۴)، Manetho (The Loeb Classical Library, Volume 350)، Harvard University Press، شابک ۰-۶۷۴-۹۹۳۸۵-۳
  25. ↑ Alan H. Gardiner (۱۹۹۷)، The Royal Canon of Turin، Griffith Institute of Oxford، شابک ۰ ۹۰۰۴۱۶ ۴۸ ۳

کتاب‌شناسی

  • Abubakr, Abdel Moneim; Osing, Jürgen (1973). "Ächtungstexte aus dem Alten Reich" (PDF). Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts - Abteilung Kairo (به آلمانی). Mainz: Philipp von Zabern. 29 (2): XXX–LVI.
  • Adams, Barbara (1990). "A Fragment from the Cairo Statue of Khasekhemwy". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. Sage Publications, Ltd. 76: 161–163. doi:10.2307/3822016. JSTOR 3822016.
  • Allen, James; Allen, Susan; Anderson, Julie; Arnold, Arnold; Arnold, Dorothea; Cherpion, Nadine; David, Élisabeth; Grimal, Nicolas; Grzymski, Krzysztof; Hawass, Zahi; Hill, Marsha; Jánosi, Peter; Labée-Toutée, Sophie; Labrousse, Audran; Lauer, Jean-Phillippe; Leclant, Jean; Der Manuelian, Peter; Millet, N. B.; Oppenheim, Adela; Craig Patch, Diana; Pischikova, Elena; Rigault, Patricia; Roehrig, Catharine H.; Wildung, Dietrich; Ziegler, Christiane (1999). Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. OCLC 41431623.
  • Allen, James Peter (2004). "Review: Mission Archéologique Française de Saqqâra: Les Textes de la Pyramide de Pépy Ier. by Catherine Berger-El Naggar, Jean Leclant and Isabelle Pierre-Croisiau". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. Sage Publications, Ltd. 90: 12–16. doi:10.1177/030751330409001S07. JSTOR 3822273. S2CID 192298220.
  • Altenmüller, Hartwig (2001). "Old Kingdom: Sixth Dynasty". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 601–605. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
  • Andrassy, Petra (2008). "Untersuchungen zum Ägyptischen Staat des Alten Reiches und seinen Institutionen". Internetbeiträge zur Ägyptologie und Sudanarchäologie (به آلمانی). Berlin, London: Golden House Publications. 11. ISBN 978-1-906137-08-3.
  • Angelini, Andrea; Capriotti Vittozzi, Giuseppina; Baldi, Marina (2016). "The high official Harkhuf and the inscriptions of his tomb in Aswan (Egypt). An integrated methodological approach". Acta Imeko. 5 (2): 71–79. doi:10.21014/acta_imeko.v5i2.349. ISSN 2221-870X.
  • Anthes, Rudolf (1928). Sethe, Kurt (ed.). "Die Felseninschriften von Hatnub / nach den Aufnahmen Georg Möllers; herasugegeben und bearbeitet von Rudolf Anthes". Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Altertumskunde Aegyptens. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs. 9. hdl:2333.1/z612jxf7. OCLC 241525038.
  • Arnold, Elizabeth; Beller, Jeremy; Behar, Adi; Ben-Shlomo, David; Greenfield, Tina L.; Greenfield, Haskel J. (2017). "Interregional Trade and Exchange at Early Bronze Age Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath". Near Eastern Archaeology. 80 (4 The Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath Archaeological Project): 264–267. doi:10.5615/neareastarch.80.4.0264. JSTOR neareastarch.80.4.0264. S2CID 165833928.
  • Baines, John; Yoffee, Norman (1998). "Order, Legitimacy, and Wealth in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia". In Feinman, G.M.; Marcus, J. (eds.). Archaic States. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press. pp. 199–260. OCLC 1119736998.
  • Baker, Darrell (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I – Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC. London: Stacey International. ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9.
  • Bárta, Miroslav (2013). "Egyptian Kingship during the Old Kingdom". In Hill, Jane A.; Jones, Philip; Morales, Antonio J. (eds.). Experiencing Power, Generating Authority. Cosmos, Politics, and the Ideology of Kingship in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. pp. 257–283. ISBN 978-1-934536-64-3.
  • Bárta, Miroslav (2017). "Radjedef to the Eighth Dynasty". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology.
  • Baud, Michel; Dobrev, Vassil (1995). "De Nouvelles Annales de l'Ancien Empire Égyptien. Une "Pierre de Palerme" pour la VIe Dynastie". Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale (به فرانسوی). 95: 23–92. ISSN 0255-0962.
  • Baud, Michel (1999a). Famille Royale et Pouvoir sous l'Ancien Empire Égyptien. Tome 1 (PDF). Bibliothèque d'étude 126/1 (به فرانسوی). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. ISBN 978-2-7247-0250-7.
  • Baud, Michel (1999b). Famille Royale et Pouvoir sous l'Ancien Empire Égyptien. Tome 2 (PDF). Bibliothèque d'étude 126/2 (به فرانسوی). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. ISBN 978-2-7247-0250-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015.
  • Baud, Michel (2006). "The Relative Chronology of Dynasties 6 and 8". In Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David (eds.). Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 144–159. ISBN 978-9-04-740400-2.
  • Beckerath, Jürgen von (1997). Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten: die Zeitbestimmung der ägyptischen Geschichte von der Vorzeit bis 332 v. Chr. Münchner ägyptologische Studien (به آلمانی). Vol. 46. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. ISBN 978-3-8053-2310-9.
  • Beckerath, Jürgen von (1999). Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen. Münchner ägyptologische Studien (به آلمانی). Mainz: Philip von Zabern. ISBN 978-3-8053-2591-2.
  • Biga, Maria Giovanna (2017). "Voies Commerciales, Ports et Marchands de Syrie, Anatolie et Méditerranée Orientale au IIIe Millénaire av. J. -C". Pallas. Ekklèsia. Approches croisées d'histoire politique et religieuse: Mélanges offerts à Marie-Françoise Baslez (به فرانسوی). 104 (104): 51–59. doi:10.4000/pallas.7204. JSTOR 26577507.
  • "Biographies of Person and Place: The Tomb Complex of Weni the Elder at Abydos, Vols. I and II". The President and Fellows of Harvard College. 2023.
  • Bissing, Friedrich Wilhelm von (1907). Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire. Nos. 18065–18793. Steingefäße (به آلمانی). Vienne: Holzhausen. OCLC 912985262.
  • Bolshakov, Andrey (2001). "Ka-Chapel". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 217–219. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
  • Bongioanni, Alessandro; Croce, Maria, eds. (2001). The Treasures of Ancient Egypt: From the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. New York: Universe Publishing, a division of Ruzzoli Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-7893-0986-0.
  • Borchardt, Ludwig (1964). Denkmäler des Alten Reiches. Teil II (PDF). Catalogue Général des Antiquités Égyptiennes du Musée du Caire (به آلمانی). Vol. 1295–1808. Cairo: Organisme Général des Imprimeries Gouvernementales. OCLC 492962019. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
  • "Box, Merenra". British Museum. 15 April 2023.
  • Brand, Peter J. (2002). "Reviewed Work: Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000 by Miroslav Bárta, Jaromír Krejčí". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 39: 254–256. doi:10.2307/40001162. JSTOR 40001162. S2CID 191611152.
  • Breasted, James Henry (1906). Ancient Records of Egypt. Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest. Volume I: The first to the Seventeenth Dynasty (PDF). Vol. 2. Chicago: The Chicago University press. OCLC 936730473.
  • Brovarski, Edward (1994). "Abydos in the Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period, Part II". In Silverman, David P. (ed.). For His Ka: Essays Offered in Memory of Klaus Baer. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. Vol. 55. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 15–45. ISBN 0-918986-93-1.
  • Brovarski, Edward (2001). Der Manuelian, Peter; Simpson, William Kelly (eds.). The Senedjemib Complex, Part 1. The Mastabas of Senedjemib Inti (G 2370), Khnumenti (G 2374), and Senedjemib Mehi (G 2378). Giza Mastabas. Vol. 7. Boston: Art of the Ancient World, Museum of Fine Arts. ISBN 978-0-87846-479-1.
  • Bußmann, Richard (2010). "Der Kult für die Königsmutter Anchenes-Merire I. im Tempel des Chontamenti. Zwei unpublizierte Türstürze der 6. Dynastie aus Abydos". Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur (به آلمانی). Helmut Buske Verlag GmbH. 39: 101–119. JSTOR 41060759.
  • Callender, Vivienne Gae (1994). "Part III. A prosopographical register of the wives of the Egyptian Kings (Dynasties I–XVII)". The Wives of the Egyptian Kings: Dynasties I–XVII. Sydney, Australia: Macquarie University. School of History, Philosophy, and Politics. OCLC 862671624. Archived from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  • Callender, Vivienne Gae (2002). "Princess Inti of the Ancient Egyptian Sixth Dynasty". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 61 (4): 267–274. doi:10.1086/469041. JSTOR 3128942. S2CID 162296379.
  • Carlens, Louis (2003). "Le transport fluvial de charges lourdes dans l'Égypte antique". Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur (به فرانسوی). 31: 9–31. JSTOR 25152882.
  • Clayton, Peter (1994). Chronicle of the Pharaohs. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05074-3.
  • Collombert, Philippe (2011). "Découvertes récentes de la mission archéologique française à Saqqâra (campagnes 2007–2011)". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres Année 2011 (به فرانسوی). Persée. 155 (2): 921–938. doi:10.3406/crai.2011.93230.
  • Collombert, Philippe (2018). "Recent discoveries of the Mission archéologique franco-suisse de Saqqâra in the funerary complex of queen Ankhnespepy II" (PDF). Saqqara Newsletter. Leiden: Friends of Saqqara Foundation. 16: 66–75.
  • Couyat, Jean; Montet, Pierre (1913). "Les inscriptions hiéroglyphiques et hiératiques du Ouâdi Hammâmât". Mémoires publiés par les membres de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale (به فرانسوی). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 34. OCLC 19833807.
  • Davies, Norman de Garies (1902). The Rock Tombs of Deir el Gebrâwi. Part I: Tomb of Aba and Smaller Tombs of the Southern Group. London: Egypt Exploration Fund. OCLC 499445112.
  • Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05128-3.
  • Dominas, Konrad; Trocha, Bogdan; Wesołowska, Elżbieta (2016). Antiquity in Popular Literature and Culture. International Conference on Fantasy and Wonder. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-9318-3.
  • Drioton, Étienne (1947). "Notes Diverses. 2, Une Corégence de Pépi Ier et de Mérenrê (?)". Annales du service des antiquités de l'Égypte (به فرانسوی). Cairo: Conseil suprême des Antiquités égyptiennes. 45: 53–92.
  • Edel, Elmar (1967). "Die Ländernamen Unternubiens und die Ausbreitung der C-Gruppe nach den Reiseberichten des Ḥrw-ḫwjf". Orientalia, NOVA SERIES (به آلمانی). 36 (2): 133–158. JSTOR 43074152.
  • El-Khadragy, Mahmoud (2002). "The Edfu Offering Niche of Qar in the Cairo Museum". Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur. 30: 203–228. JSTOR 25152867.
  • Fischer, Henry George (1954). "Four Provincial Administrators at the Memphite Cemeteries". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 74 (1): 26–34. doi:10.2307/595477. JSTOR 595477.
  • Fischer, Henry George (1958). "Review: Tell Basta by Labib Habachi". American Journal of Archaeology. 62 (3): 330–333. doi:10.2307/501964. JSTOR 501964.
  • Fischer, Henry George (1968). Dendera in the Third Millennium B.C. Down to the Theban Domination of Upper Egypt. Locust Valley, New York: J. J. Augustin. OCLC 20712.
  • Fischer, Henry George (2001). "A Unique Composite Hieroglyph". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 38: 1–6. doi:10.2307/40000548. JSTOR 40000548.
  • Franke, Detlef (1993). "Review: The Rock Tombs of El-Hawawish. The Cemetery of Akhmim. Vol. VII (1987) by Naguib Kanawati; The Rock Tombs of El-Hawawish. The Cemetery of Akhmim. Vol. VIII (1988) by Naguib Kanawati; The Rock Tombs of El-Hawawish. The Cemetery of Akhmim. Vol. IX (1989) by Naguib Kanawati; Quseir El-Amarna. The Tombs of Pepy-Ankh and Khewen-wekh by Ali El-Khouli, Naguib Kanawati". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 79: 288–292. JSTOR 3822182.
  • Gardiner, Alan (1945). "Regnal Years and Civil Calendar in Pharaonic Egypt". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 31: 11–28. doi:10.1177/030751334503100103. JSTOR 3855380. S2CID 192251888.
  • Gardiner, Alan (1959). The Royal Canon of Turin. Oxford: Griffith Institute. OCLC 21484338.
  • Gasse, Annie (2016). "Wadi Hammamat on the Road to Punt" (PDF). Abgadiyat. Alexandria: Brill. 11: 44–50. doi:10.1163/22138609-90000041. ISSN 2213-8609.
  • Germer, Renate (2005). Mumien (به آلمانی). Düsseldorf: Albatros. ISBN 978-3-491-96153-1.
  • Gilbert, Gregory P. (2004). "Three Recently Excavated Funerary Stelae from the Eighth Dynasty Tomb of Shemai at Kom el-Momanien, Qift". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 90: 73–79. doi:10.1177/030751330409000105. JSTOR 3822245. S2CID 188981661.
  • Goedicke, Hans (1988). "The Death of Pepi II-Neferkare". Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag GmbH. 15: 111–121. JSTOR 44324580.
  • Grajetzki, Wolfram (2005). Ancient Egyptian Queens: a Hieroglyphic Dictionary. London: Golden House Publications. ISBN 978-0-9547218-9-3.
  • Grimal, Nicolas (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt. Translated by Ian Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-19396-8.
  • Hayes, William (1978). The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. OCLC 7427345.
  • Hays, Harold M. (2012). "Chapter two. Groups and Series of Pyramid Texts". The Organization of the Pyramid Texts (2 vols.): Typology and Disposition. Probleme der Ägyptoloie. Vol. 31. Leiden, Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 79–124. ISBN 978-9-00-421865-9. JSTOR j.ctt1w76tzs.12.
  • Hendrickx, Stan (1999). "Elkab". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Blake Shubert, Steven (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt. New York: Routledge. pp. 342–346. ISBN 978-0-203-98283-9.
  • Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David, eds. (2012). Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5. ISSN 0169-9423.
  • Jeffreys, David (1999). "Tura, Dynastic Burials and Quarries". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Blake Shubert, Steven (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt. New York: Routledge. pp. 1039–1041. ISBN 978-0-203-98283-9.
  • Kanawati, Naguib (1992). "Review: The Administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom: The Highest Titles and Their Holders by Nigel Strudwick". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 78: 326–328. JSTOR 3822094.
  • Kanawati, Naguib (2003). Conspiracies in the Egyptian Palace: Unis to Pepy I. Oxford and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-61937-8.
  • Kanawati, Naguib (2005). "Decoration of Burial Chambers, Sarcophagi and Coffins in the Old Kingdom". In Daoud, K.; Bedier, S.; Abd El-Fatah, S. (eds.). Studies in Honor of Ali Radwan 2. Cairo: Conseil Suprême des Antiquités de l'Égypte. pp. 55–71. ISBN 977-305-826-3.
  • Katary, Sally (2001). "Taxation". In Redford (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 351–356. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
  • Kemp, Barry J. (1989). -9780415063463 Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-01281-2. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  • Knoblauch, Christian (2010). "Preliminary Report on the Early Bronze Age III Pottery from the Contexts of the 6th Dynasty in the Abydos Middle Cemetery". Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant. 20: 243–261. doi:10.1553/AEundL20s243. JSTOR 23789941.
  • Krauss, Rolf (2021). "Late Old Kingdom Chronology, Another Model". Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant. 31: 293–300. doi:10.1553/AEundL31s293. JSTOR 27153344. S2CID 245590988.
  • Kurth, Angela (1992). "Usurpation, Conquest and Ceremonial: From Babylon to Persia". In Cannadine, David; Price, Simon (eds.). Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–55. ISBN 978-0-521-42891-0.
  • Lehner, Mark (1997). The Complete Pyramids. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28547-3.
  • Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013). The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary. Writings from the ancient world, no. 33. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-736-2.
  • Lepsius, Karl Richard (1972). Denkmäler aus Ægypten und Æthiopien (به آلمانی). Geneva: Éditions de Belles-Lettres. OCLC 941020412.
  • Macy Roth, Ann (1991). Egyptian Phyles in the Old Kingdom: The Evolution of a System of Social Organization. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. Vol. 48. Chicago, Ill.: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. ISBN 978-0-918986-68-9.
  • Jaromír, Málek; Magee, Diana; Miles, Elizabeth; Porter, Bertha; Moss, Rosalind L. B. (1999). "Indices to parts 1 and 2. Statues.". Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Statues, Reliefs and Paintings. VIII, Objects of provenance not known (PDF). Oxford: Griffith Institute. ISBN 978-0-900416-70-5.
  • Málek, Jaromir (2000). "The Old Kingdom (c. 2160–2055 BC)". In Shaw, Ian (ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. pp. 83–107. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3.
  • Marcolin, Michele (2006). "Iny, a much-traveled official of the Sixth Dynasty: unpublished reliefs in Japan". In Bárta, Miroslav; Coppens, Filip; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.). Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2005, Proceedings of the Conference held in Prague (June 27 – July 5, 2005). Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. pp. 282–310. ISBN 978-80-7308-116-4.
  • Mende, Christine (2008). "Zum Mumienfund in der Pyramide Merenres I". Sokar (به آلمانی). Berlin: Verlag Michael Haase. 17 (2): 40–43.
  • Muhly, James (1999). "Metallurgy". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Blake Shubert, Steven (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt. New York: Routledge. pp. 628–634. ISBN 978-0-203-98283-9.
  • Murnane, William J. (1977). Ancient Egyptian Coregencies. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. Vol. 40. Chicago: The Oriental Institute. ISBN 978-0-918986-03-0.
  • O'Connor, David (1986). "The Locations of Yam and Kush and Their Historical Implications". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 23: 27–50. doi:10.2307/40001089. JSTOR 40001089.
  • "Papyrus - L'Encyclopédie des dessins animés". Toutelatele.com (به فرانسوی). 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  • "Papyrus". Dupuis (به فرانسوی). 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  • Peck, William H. (1999). "Sculpture, production techniques". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Blake Shubert, Steven (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt. New York: Routledge. pp. 874–876. ISBN 978-0-203-98283-9.
  • Petrie, William Matthew Flinders (1902). Abydos. Part I. London: The Egypt Exploration Fund. doi:10.11588/diglit.4102. OCLC 1119835355.
  • Pierre-Croisiau, Isabelle (2019). Les textes de la pyramide de Mérenrê. Édition, transcription et analyse. Mémoires publiés par les membres de l'institut français d'archéologie du Caire (به فرانسوی). Paris: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. ISBN 978-2-72-470724-3.
  • Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Dee, Michael W.; Rowland, Joanne M.; Higham, Thomas F. G.; Harris, Stephen A.; Brock, Fiona; Quiles, Anita; Wild, Eva M.; Marcus, Ezra S.; Shortland, Andrew J. (2010). "Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt". Science. New Series. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 328 (5985): 1554–1557. Bibcode:2010Sci...328.1554R. doi:10.1126/science.1189395. JSTOR 40656429. PMID 20558717. S2CID 206526496.
  • Redford, Donald B. (1986). "Egypt and Western Asia in the Old Kingdom". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 23: 125–143. doi:10.2307/40001094. JSTOR 40001094.
  • Redford, Donald (1992). Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-03606-9.
  • Rice, Michael (1999). Who is Who in Ancient Egypt. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-44328-6.
  • Richards, Janet (2002). "Text and Context in late Old Kingdom Egypt: The Archaeology and Historiography of Weni the Elder". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 39: 75–102. doi:10.2307/40001150. JSTOR 40001150.
  • Sayce, Archibald Henry (1893). "Gleanings from the Land of Egypt". Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l'archéologie égyptiennes et assyriennes: Pour servir de bulletin à la Mission Française du Caire. 15: 147. doi:10.11588/diglit.12260.
  • Sethe, Kurt Heinrich (1903). Urkunden des Alten Reichs (به آلمانی). wikipedia entry: Urkunden des Alten Reichs. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. OCLC 846318602.
  • Shai, Itzhaq; Greenfield, Haskel J.; Brown, Annie; Albaz, Shira; Maeir, Aren M. (2016). "The Importance of the Donkey as a Pack Animal in the Early Bronze Age Southern Levant: A View from "Tell eṣ-Ṣāfī"/Gath". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. Deutscher verein zur Erforschung Palästinas. 132 (1): 1–25. JSTOR 26602057.
  • Shaw, Ian (1999). "Hatnub". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Blake Shubert, Steven (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt. New York: Routledge. pp. 434–436. ISBN 978-0-203-98283-9.
  • Shaw, Ian; Nicholson, Paul T. (2008). The Bristish Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-1980-9.
  • Smith, William Stevenson (1971). "The Old Kingdom of Egypt and the Beginning of the First Intermediate Period". In Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 1, Part 2. Early History of the Middle East (3rd ed.). London, New york: Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–207. ISBN 978-0-521-07791-0. OCLC 33234410.
  • Sowada, Karin N. (2009). Egypt in the Eastern Mediterranean During the Old Kingdom: An Archaeological Perspective. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis. Vol. 237. Fribourg, Switzerland: Academic Press Fribourg, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen. ISBN 978-3-7278-1649-9.
  • Shafik, Sameh (2020). "The provincial policies of Teti, Pepy I and Merenre in Upper Egypt" (PDF). International Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality. 14 (2): 61–73. doi:10.21608/ijhth.2020.154172. S2CID 234572993. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  • Spalinger, Anthony (1994). "Dated Texts of the Old Kingdom". Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag GmbH. 21: 275–319. JSTOR 25152700.
  • "Sphinx of Merenra (A.1984.405)". National Museum of Scotland. National Museums Scotland. 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  • "Stele of Meny". MFABoston. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  • Strouhal, Eugene; Vyhnánek, Luboŝ; Gaballah, M. F.; Saunders, S. R.; Woelfli, W.; Nonani, G.; Nêmeĉkovà (2001). "Identification of royal skeletal remains from Egyptian pyramids". Anthropologie (1962-). Moravian Museum. 39 (1): 15–24. JSTOR 26292543.
  • Strudwick, Nigel C. (1985a). "Review: Die Rollsiegel des Alten Reiches by Peter Kaplony". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. Sage Publications, Ltd. 71: 27–29. doi:10.2307/3821668. JSTOR 3821668.
  • Strudwick, Nigel C. (1985b). The Administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom: The Highest Titles and Their Holders (PDF). Studies in Egyptology. London; Boston: Kegan Paul International. ISBN 978-0-7103-0107-9.
  • Strudwick, Nigel C. (2005). Texts from the Pyramid Age. Writings from the Ancient World (book 16). Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-680-8.
  • Tiradritti, Francesco; de Luca, Araldo (1999). Egyptian Treasures from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. New York: Harry Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-3276-0.
  • "Tomb-painting". British Museum. 15 April 2023.
  • Touring Club Italiano (1993). Firenze e provincia. Guida d'Italia del Touring Club Italiano (به ایتالیایی). Milano: Touring Editore. ISBN 978-88-365-0533-3. OCLC 39670817.
  • "Vase in the Shape of Mother Monkey with Her Young ca. 2255–2246 B.C." Metropolitan Museum of Art. 14 June 2022.
  • "Vase, Merenra". British Museum. 15 April 2023.
  • Verner, Miroslav (2001a). "Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology" (PDF). Archiv Orientální. 69 (3): 363–418. ISSN 0044-8699.
  • Verner, Miroslav (2001b). "Old Kingdom: An Overview". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 585–591. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
  • Waddell, William Gillan (1971). Manetho. Loeb classical library, 350. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann. OCLC 6246102.
  • Wente, Edward F. (2000). "Review: Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten: Die Zeitbestimmung der ägyptischen Geschichte von der Vorzeit bis 332 v. Chr by Jürgen von Beckerath". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 59 (3): 204–206. doi:10.1086/468836. JSTOR 546258.
  • Wildung, Dietrich (1969). Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewußtsein ihrer Nachwelt. Teil I. Posthume Quellen über die Könige der ersten vier Dynastien. Münchener Ägyptologische Studien (به آلمانی). Vol. 17. Berlin: Hessling. OCLC 1151084273.
  • Wissa, Myriam (2011). "Jbh3.t in the autobiographical inscription of Weni: developments since 1994". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 97: 223–227. doi:10.1177/030751331109700119. JSTOR 23269902. S2CID 194841287.
  • Wright, Mary; Pardee, Dennis (1988). "Literary Sources for the History of Palestine and Syria: Contacts between Egypt and Syro-Palestine during the Old Kingdom". The Biblical Archaeologist. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The American Schools of Oriental Research. 51 (3): 143–161. doi:10.2307/3210065. JSTOR 3210065. S2CID 163985913.
This article is issued from ویکی‌پدیا. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.